The primary differences between porcelain and ceramic lie in their raw material composition, kiln firing temperatures, porosity, and structural density. Porcelain is a specialized, higher-grade subset of ceramic manufactured using purified white kaolin clay and fired at extremely high temperatures, resulting in a vitrified, non-porous material with a water absorption rate under 0.5 percent. Standard ceramic uses more common, coarser clays, is fired at lower temperatures, remains more porous, and is softer and less dense than true porcelain.
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