What are fixtures in a house?

Fixtures in a house are the items permanently attached to the home's structure or connected to its utility systems, making them legally part of the real property rather than movable belongings. They generally fall into categories: plumbing fixtures, including toilets, washbasins and sinks, bathtubs, showers, bidets, and faucets; electrical and lighting fixtures, including ceiling lights, chandeliers, sconces, recessed downlights, hardwired ceiling fans, doorbells, and hardwired smoke detectors; heating fixtures, including radiators, boilers, water heaters, wall-mounted heaters, and central furnace systems; kitchen fixtures, including the sink unit, built-in cabinetry, countertops, range hoods, garbage disposals, and plumbed dishwashers; and storage and miscellaneous fixtures, including built-in wardrobes, fitted shelving, fireplace mantels, and stair railings. Fixtures are identified by three tests: physical annexation (bolted, screwed, plumbed, wired, or cemented), adaptation to the property's use, and intention of permanence. The classification matters when a house is sold: fixtures automatically transfer to the buyer, while movable items such as freestanding furniture, curtains, and plug-in appliances remain with the seller unless the contract states otherwise. Because grey areas (fitted carpets, wall-mounted TVs, integrated appliances) cause disputes, purchase agreements usually include a fixtures and fittings list. House fixtures also define a home's character, comfort, and value, and upgrading them, such as renovating a kitchen or bathroom, is among the most popular home improvements and can significantly increase a property's market price.