Traditional Hmong society is organized into distinct clan lineages, each designated by specific family surnames. Some of the most common and widely recognized Hmong last names include Vang (Vaj), Lee or Lor (Laj / Lwm), Yang (Yaj), Xiong (xyooj), Vue (Vwj), Thao (Thoj), Moua (Muas), and Chang or Cha (Tsaub / Tshaaj). Because clan exogamy is strictly enforced, these surnames dictate marriage eligibility and social connections within the global Hmong diaspora.