Do wasps remember who they sting?

Wasps do not remember who they sting in human sense of personal memory and grudges, as they are insects with simple nervous systems that lack complex memory and emotional processing for remembering specific individuals to seek revenge later, though they do have some ability to learn and recognize threats to colony. Wasps can learn to associate certain smells, colors, or locations with danger and may become more defensive if same threat repeatedly approaches nest, but they do not remember specific person who stung them days later to target them individually away from nest. Social wasps like yellow jackets defend nest vigorously and will chase and sting intruders if nest is disturbed, releasing alarm pheromones that alert other wasps to danger, causing colony to attack, which can appear as remembering who disturbed them, but this is colony defense mechanism, not personal memory. If you disturb nest and return later, wasps may still be agitated due to lingering alarm pheromones and heightened defensive state, not because they remember you personally. Studies show wasps can recognize faces of other wasps for social hierarchy, but not human faces for revenge. So wasps do not remember who they sting in sense of holding grudge, but they do defend nest and release chemical signals that cause other wasps to attack perceived threat, which can be mistaken for remembering.