ADHD is not caused by a single factor that accounts for 90 percent of cases, and claims that 90 percent of ADHD is caused by one thing are oversimplified and not supported by current research. ADHD is understood as a complex neurodevelopmental condition influenced by many genetic and environmental factors interacting together. Family, twin, and adoption studies suggest a strong hereditary component, with heritability estimates often reported around 70 to 80 percent, meaning genetic differences contribute substantially to why ADHD runs in families, but there are many genes involved, each with small effects, not one gene. Non-genetic factors that have been studied include very preterm birth, low birth weight, prenatal exposure to certain substances, and early childhood lead exposure, but most children with these factors do not develop ADHD, and many children with ADHD have none of these exposures. There is no evidence that parenting style, vaccines, sugar, or screen time cause ADHD. Because causes are multifactorial and vary by individual, it is not accurate to attribute ADHD to one cause. If you have questions about risk factors or family history, talking with a pediatrician, psychiatrist, or genetic counselor can provide more personalized information.
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