In computer networking and hardware architecture, NIC stands for Network Interface Card (also referred to as a network interface controller, network adapter, or LAN card). It is a vital hardware component—either integrated directly onto a computer's motherboard or installed as an expansion card—that provides a physical and electronic connection to a computer network. The NIC translates digital data packets from the computer into electrical, optical, or radio signals transmitted across Ethernet cables or Wi-Fi airwaves, enabling devices to communicate locally and access the internet.