Network Interface Cards (NICs) are generally categorized into several primary types based on their connection medium and hardware architecture. Based on connectivity, there are wired NICs (utilizing Ethernet cables and RJ45 connectors) and wireless NICs (utilizing Wi-Fi radio frequencies and internal antennas). Additionally, based on system bus interfaces and deployment forms, they are classified into internal expansion cards (such as PCI and PCIe), integrated motherboard controllers, external USB adapters, and virtual software-defined network interfaces.