Conventional commercial insurance is deemed haram by mainstream Islamic scholarly consensus due to its core reliance on three prohibited financial elements: riba (interest-based returns on investments), gharar (excessive uncertainty, ambiguity, or speculation regarding the payout), and maysir (gambling, because a policyholder may pay premiums for years and receive nothing, or receive a massive payout far exceeding total contributions). Because standard insurance companies operate as for-profit entities underwriting risk through financial speculation and interest-bearing assets, traditional jurists rule conventional policies impermissible for Muslims.