Islamic theology categorizes major sins, known as al-kaba'ir, based on prohibitions outlined in the Quran and the traditions of Prophet Muhammad, with associating partners with God (shirk) and unjustified murder (qatl) occupying the absolute highest levels of gravity. While various scholarly traditions interpret the exact hierarchical ordering of subsequent major sins differently, acts such as filial disobedience, false testimony, perjury, consuming usury (riba), sorcery, and fleeing from the battlefield during lawful jihad are consistently listed among the most severe spiritual transgressions that require sincere repentance.