Metal casting processes accommodate an extensive variety of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys selected to meet specific mechanical, thermal, and corrosion-resistance requirements. Ferrous metals most commonly poured include gray cast iron, ductile iron, carbon steel, and stainless steel, which are prized for structural strength and durability in heavy machinery. Non-ferrous metals frequently utilized include aluminum alloys for lightweight aerospace and automotive structures, copper and bronze for bearings and marine hardware, zinc alloys for precision die-casting, and high-performance nickel- or cobalt-based superalloys designed to endure extreme high-temperature environments in turbine engines.