Metal casting processes carry several inherent limitations and industrial disadvantages, including the potential for internal metallurgical defects such as shrinkage cavities, gas porosity, micro-cracks, and inclusions that can compromise structural integrity under extreme stress. Furthermore, casting generally results in inferior mechanical properties compared to forged or wrought metals due to a less refined grain structure. The process also demands high capital expenditure for specialized foundry equipment and tooling, produces lower initial dimensional tolerances compared to CNC machining, and involves hazardous occupational environments.