Cast steel components, while widely utilized for heavy industrial applications due to high strength and toughness, possess several notable disadvantages compared to forged or fabricated metals. These include a higher susceptibility to internal casting defects such as shrinkage cavities, micro-porosity, and inclusions, which can compromise structural integrity under extreme stress. Additionally, casting requires expensive pattern tooling, exhibits poorer surface finish quality initially, and involves complex heat treatment protocols to relieve internal residual stresses.