U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) was officially established on March 1, 2003, under the administration of President George W. Bush. The agency was created following the passage of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, enacted in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks. ICE was formed by merging the investigative and enforcement functions of the former Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) and the United States Customs Service to consolidate national security, border protection, and interior immigration enforcement.
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