Legally speaking, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) does not have the constitutional or statutory authority to detain United States citizens, because federal immigration laws apply exclusively to foreign nationals. However, rare and heavily criticized instances have occurred where U.S. citizens were wrongfully detained due to administrative record errors, mistaken identity, database mismatches, or language barriers before citizenship was successfully verified and documented, prompting legal challenges and civil rights lawsuits.
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