What are the 4 types of ELISA?

Written by Editorial Team | Last Updated: August 2026

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay laboratory techniques are classified into four primary experimental formats based on how antigens and antibodies interact. The first is Direct ELISA, where an enzyme-labeled primary antibody binds directly to an immobilized target antigen on a microplate. The second is Indirect ELISA, which utilizes an unlabeled primary antibody followed by an enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody to amplify signal detection. The third is Sandwich ELISA, capturing the target antigen between two distinct primary antibodies, providing high sensitivity for complex samples. The fourth is Competitive ELISA, which measures concentration based on competitive binding inhibition between sample antigens and reference antigens, widely utilized across clinical diagnostics and research.

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