A regular bank typically operates under a state banking charter issued by a specific state government's department of financial institutions, whereas a federal bank operates under a national charter granted by an agency of the federal government, such as the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. Federal banks are subject to uniform federal banking laws and regulations across all states, whereas state-chartered banks adhere primarily to state regulations alongside federal oversight. Despite chartering differences, customer deposits in both types of institutions receive equal federal insurance protection up to statutory limits through agencies like the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.