The primary physical cause of water hammer is sudden momentum change and hydraulic shock. When a high-velocity stream of water is rushing through a plumbing pipe and a valve or appliance shuts off abruptly (such as a solenoid valve in a washing machine or a ceramic disc faucet cartridge), the moving water slams against the closed barrier. Because water is virtually incompressible, this sudden halt generates a powerful shock wave that reverberates backward through the pipe network, causing violent banging, rattling, and structural stress. Verification: Install piston-type water hammer arrestors near fast-closing valves to absorb hydraulic shock.
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