Saudi Arabia is undergoing one of the most ambitious national transformations in modern history through its Vision 2030 initiative, featuring giga-projects like NEOM, a futuristic linear smart city spanning desert and coastline mountains; The Line; Trojena, a year-round mountain ski and adventure tourism destination; Oxagon, an advanced industrial floating port city; the Red Sea global luxury tourism development; Qiddiya, a massive entertainment and sports capital near Riyadh; and Diriyah Gate, a historic cultural heritage revitalization project designed to diversify the economy away from petroleum dependence and build a sustainable future.