What are the 5 C's of credit rating?
Credit rating agencies and financial analysts evaluate sovereign debt issuers and corporate bond issuers using five core analytical pillars known as the five C's of credit rating. The first is Character, assessing the issuer's past payment history and willingness to service debt responsibly. The second is Capacity, measuring current revenue streams and cash generation relative to debt obligations. The third is Capital, evaluating balance sheet strength, equity buffers, and asset quality. The fourth is Collateral, analyzing asset backing and recovery values in the event of restructuring. The fifth is Covenants, reviewing legal protections, financial restrictions, and contractual agreements safeguarding bondholders against excessive default risks.
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