The twenty-first century has witnessed significant geopolitical tensions, civil wars, insurgencies, and interstate conflicts that have reshaped international relations and caused severe humanitarian crises. Major conflicts defining this era include the ongoing war in Ukraine following the Russian military invasion; the protracted Syrian civil war involving complex international proxy interventions; the post-9/11 military campaigns and insurgencies in Iraq and Afghanistan; the War on Terror spanning multiple regions across the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia; the Yemeni civil war and associated regional humanitarian crises; the multifaceted conflicts across the Sahel region including Mali and Sudan; ongoing civil strife and insurgencies in Somalia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo; and recurrent escalations in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict involving Gaza. These events have driven massive global refugee migrations, defense spending increases, and complex diplomatic realignments.