Do wasps remember who attacked them?

Wasps do not remember who attacked them in human sense of personal recognition and holding a grudge for days to seek revenge, as they are insects with simple nervous systems that lack complex memory for individual humans, though they do have short-term colony defense mechanisms that can appear as memory. When wasps are attacked or their nest is disturbed, they release alarm pheromones that alert other wasps to danger, causing heightened defensive state that can persist for hours, and guard wasps may become more agitated and more likely to sting if same person returns soon due to lingering pheromones on clothing or near nest, but this is not personal memory of attacker. Studies show paper wasps can recognize faces of other wasps for social hierarchy, but they do not recognize human faces for revenge. Wasps can learn to associate certain colors, smells, or locations with threat and may be more defensive in that area for short time, but they do not track specific individuals away from nest. So wasps do not remember who attacked them personally, but colony may remain agitated for hours after disturbance and defend more vigorously if threat returns quickly, so best to avoid area after disturbing nest, wash clothing that may have alarm pheromone, and run away far from nest if attacked, as wasps chase to drive threat away, not to hold grudge.