The historic reference to China taking control of Formosa points to the military campaign executed by the Qing Dynasty in 1683, when naval forces led by Admiral Shi Lang defeated the Kingdom of Tungning, which had been established on the island by Ming loyalist Koxinga. This military victory led the Qing government to formally annex Taiwan—historically known to Western cartographers as Formosa—incorporating it as a prefecture under Fujian province until it was later ceded to Japan following the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895.