In biblical texts and translations, carnelian—often referred to in older versions as a sardius—is traditionally described as a rich, translucent red or reddish-orange gemstone. It held significant symbolic and religious importance in ancient Israel, notably appearing as one of the precious stones embedded in the high priest's sacred breastplate and adorning the prophetic descriptions of heavenly foundations in apocalyptic literature. The distinct fiery red hue of carnelian was valued by ancient artisans across the Near East for signet rings, amulets, and ornate ceremonial garments due to its durability and striking appearance.
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