The primary structural types of U.S. health insurance plans are Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs), Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs), and Exclusive Provider Organizations (EPOs). HMO plans require you to see in-network doctors and obtain primary care physician referrals to see specialists, offering lower costs in exchange for strict rules. PPOs provide maximum flexibility allowing out-of-network visits and direct specialist access without referrals, though at higher premium costs. EPOs blend features by restricting care to in-network providers without requiring specialist referrals.
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