Photovoltaic technology is fundamentally divided into three primary categories based on the semiconductor materials used: monocrystalline silicon solar cells, polycrystalline silicon solar cells, and thin-film solar cells. Monocrystalline cells are cut from single high-purity silicon crystals, offering premium efficiency and sleek aesthetics. Polycrystalline cells are formed from multiple melted silicon fragments, making them more cost-effective though slightly less efficient. Thin-film cells utilize layers of photovoltaic materials sprayed onto substrates, providing flexibility and lightweight installation profiles.