Medical oncology, surgical oncology, and radiation oncology constitute the three core clinical pillars of modern cancer care. Medical oncology focuses on treating malignancies using systemic therapies such as chemotherapy, targeted molecular agents, and immunotherapies. Surgical oncology involves the physical excision of tumors and surrounding cancerous tissues to diagnose, stage, or remove disease. Radiation oncology utilizes high-energy ionizing radiation to eradicate cancer cells and shrink localized tumors while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy organs.