Computer hardware is typically classified into four primary functional categories: input devices, output devices, processing devices, and storage devices. Input devices—such as keyboards, mice, and scanners—allow users to enter data and commands into the computer system. Output devices—such as monitors, printers, and speakers—translate processed digital data into human-readable visual, auditory, or physical forms. Processing devices—primarily the Central Processing Unit and graphics cards—execute program instructions and perform complex mathematical calculations. Storage devices—including solid-state drives, hard disk drives, and optical discs—retain digital information persistently so that it remains available across multiple power cycles and system reboots.
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