Memory chips are broadly categorized into two primary families: Volatile memory and Non-volatile memory. Volatile memory, which requires electrical power to maintain stored data, includes Static RAM (SRAM) used for high-speed CPU caches and Dynamic RAM (DRAM) used for primary system working memory. Non-volatile memory retains data even when power is turned off, encompassing Read-Only Memory (ROM), Flash memory (used in solid-state drives and USB thumb drives), and emerging storage-class technologies like Resistive RAM (ReRAM), Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM), and Ferroelectric RAM (FRAM).