Water for Injection (WFI) is produced through advanced multi-stage purification processes designed to remove all chemical contaminants, organic compounds, and biological pathogens. Historically and regulatory-wise, WFI was primarily generated using multiple-effect distillation or vapor compression stills operating at high temperatures to kill and separate impurities. Modern pharmacopeia guidelines also permit advanced membrane-based purification technologies, such as sequential reverse osmosis coupled with ultrafiltration and continuous electrodeionization, provided the system consistently meets strict conductivity, TOC, and endotoxin thresholds.
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